types of calligraphy 201210912 shungo sato

The types of calligraphy  201210912 shungo sato

There are mainly five types of calligraphy.

It is divided into five, an archaic script, a clerical script, fully cursive style, running-style script, and a square style.

The character has accomplished changes through a time.

Archaic script

In B.C. 221, when the China whole country was governed, Shih-huang-ti abolished the character of the countries till then, and ordered compulsive use by making into a common unification character the archaic script which is a character of its own country.

This is usually widely known as unification of a character.

A line is written with the same thickness. The both ends of drawing are rounded and it is underlined with all lines with the same thickness.

The balance of the vertical and horizontal size is ready, and it has evolved into the character which gives a very intellectual and grave impression.

On the other hand, in order to make a curve into a subject, it has an organic attractive point, and it has become a style of handwriting with a peculiar atmosphere.

Clerical script

The thing which simplified the archaic script and which was made easy-to-use.

It became a straight line subject from the curvilinear subject of the archaic script. It is close to the present square style. It is the main features that every character is oblong with motion of brash which waves by payment of right and left.

Fully cursive style

unlike the cursive writing which is similarly a brush style of handwriting of a Chinese character, the abbreviation of stroke count is greatly performed so that things may be made. since it is alike and the regular peculiar abbreviation is carried out, what is written if the form for every character is not memorized cannot be read in many cases, either.

In practice, although it was from the time of clerical script, after the days and months for hundreds of years passed from it, generally it was used.

Moreover, a calligrapher difference may be great.

Running-style script

One of the styles of handwriting of a Chinese character.

While the square style object is drawing a stroke exactly, in cursive writing, a character is connected and written. However, like fully cursive style, since type does not necessarily differ from square style sharply, reading, if square style is known is possible. Compared with fully cursive style, it is roughly classified according to a sensuous difference called a strict style of handwriting and the style of handwriting which broke to square style. Although running-style script was not like fully cursive style, it was for shorthand, and although it was not as square style, since it read lucidly, it was used for the official-business document or the document for festivals in ancient China.

Square style

A brush is detached and written, without continuing a stroke.

It is the type near a rectangle.

As for the horizontal line, placing of a brush, the middle line, and the stop of the brush have clarified in many cases.(“sankasetu”)

It can be said that it is the most fundamental type of a Chinese character now.

The square style object was born to a comparatively new era.

It is called what was change and was borne by clerical script.

How calligraphy transmitted in Japan? 201210912 shungo sato

How calligraphy transmitted in Japan? 201210912 shungo sato

Calligraphy was introduced with kanji from China. Chinese culture that Buddhism and “kanji” was introduced through Korean Peninsula. It is said that calligraphy was transmitted to the yayoi era. But initially, there was no culture of character in japan. Whether the paper was introduced to Japan we are not clear. It is also not clear how the paper was made. Prince Shotoku was Buddhist reverence and was erected the Horyuji.、transcribing a sutra became popular, and they require a lot of public paper. In this way, the calligraphy was rapidly developed during the Asuka period.

 Three famous ancient calligrapher : Emperor Saga and Tachibana (no) Hayanari and Kooboo Daishi (Kukai) has appeared around the 9th century. They are typical calligrapher of the Heian period. I want to introduce about Kukai. Kukai is known as the founder of Shingon sent of Buddhism later. Kukai was not only excellent a man of religion, but also excelled in Chinese poetry sentence. He has left various legends to future generations. For example, it is said that Kukai was written five lines at a time with hold the brush of five to the left and right hands and feet and mouth. In addition, the proverb about Kukai and calligraphy are left today. For example, “Kobo nimo hude no ayamari”,”Kobo hude wo erabazu” Kukai went to Sui China as a Japanese envoy to Sui Dynasty China. He learned a variety of literature and politics there, and brought back to Japan. In addition, Kukai incorporated the technipue that called “hihaku no sho” It was very popular in Chine at that time.

The characteristic in Japanese calligraphy is that combine “kanji” and “hiragana”. “Hiragana” was created in early Heian period. It is something that has been made extremely upset “kanji”. When the noble wrote Japanese poetry that was Japanese central culture, they paid attention to the image that has the “kanji”. Because Japanese poetry should not only understand meaning. Japanese has accessories such as auxiliary particle and particle. But Chinese has not these. Nobles gradually have come to use the same “kanji” in order to make it easier for everyone to read.  Because the same “kanji” writing many times, let’s destroy the shape simplified. In this way, “hiragana” and “katakana” were created.

Calligraphy of the Heian period had been carried out only between people of high society. But, in the Edo period, calligraphy was spread to the common people. Because the institution for common people that called “terakoya” was established in various places. The children had learned reading the letter, writing a letter, and arithmetic,and so on. In this way, calligraphy began to spread in Japan.

The history of calligraphy 201210912 shungo sato

The history of calligraphy 201210912 shungo sato

Calligraphy is developed in various regions. It seems to have developed not only in China but also in Europe. But, development in China was very active. I would like to introduce about the history of this time in China, how did the development.

Kokotsumoji was a letter that could be the first. This is what is made to resemble the appearance of such animals. This typeface that written “kokotsumoji” is called “tenshotai”. Age advances, typeface began to change. I will give the details later. The number of letters changed significantly. The early days was about 3000 letters, but eventually increasing to 50,000 letters.

A time that calligraphy was most prevalent in China is “Tang”. Emperor taizong of tang is one of the emperors that most known people in Chinese history. During his reign, national power became active and people became rich. He has not been well-known to the people, he loved art. He is familiar with calligraphy, and a calligrapher with considerable attainments. Taizong of Tang learned calligraphy and widely collected works of master calligrapher, during its reign. He had to watch them relaxation of state affair. The works of calligraphy prominent transmitted to posterity, there is a “hot spring inscription” and “Ming Jin Shrine”. Spacious and gallantly, Hisuryoku of the former and the latter is a strong flowing. With excellent refinement of the Emperor from the spacing of the characters will diverge, it is not comparable at all even in the midst of the landlord of it calligraphy.

Effects Tang Taizong gave the history Chinese calligraphy is not only that created a work that he did outstanding calligraphy. His greatest achievement is that spread and encouraged calligraphy. He realized it by using the identity of the emperor. For example, he established the educational institutions of calligraphy called “shogaku”. In addition, he was one of the criteria for selection of calligraphy in the imperial examination is a test for selecting the bureaucracy. Institutionalized as request for the selection of public officials calligraphy art, this was the strongest driving force of prosperity of the arts.

　

By Taizong of Tang was proposed, it is a kind of trendy to learn calligraphy. Many writers became to the study of calligraphy. As a result, the expert was produced at this time, the Tang Dynasty was the climax of calligraphy art. If it had not been proposed Taizong of the Dynasty and spread, then a lot of expert is not produced, would not also bear his name in history. In this way, Tang Dynasty was the most brilliant one page in the history of Chinese calligraphy. Next, I would like to introduce how the calligraphy was introduced to Japan.